Communications in Team Environments - 1284 Words

Communications Communication within a collaborative team can be a one to one, one to many, or many to many. Either way, communication is a vital component in maintaining a non-hostile environment of a collaborative team. The objective of communication is to share thoughts, ideas, and feelings in the most common and effective way as possible. Communication is defined as an exchange of information and the transmission of meaning. During the Industrial Revolution age, messenger verbally delivered messages personally. After the development of written languages, messengers began to deliver telegrams, thereby communicating in written form. Through research on improving the telegraph, the telephone was invented, allowing verbal†¦show more content†¦Communications through virtual methods are being used more each year. Knowledge sharing (information sharing) through virtual applications is becoming the modern way of doing things. Communication through virtual applications not only transpires between collaborative team members; however, information is also being shared with the manufacture of the software. Organizations are more flexible because the virtual environment allow teams to communicate effective and more efficiently. Virtual interaction in a collaborative team atmosphere saves the organization time and money. It enables members to exchange or share thoughts, ideas, beliefs in an open communica tion approach while working towards a common goal. Advantages of virtual communication include: 1. Tasks are completed more efficient 2. Benefit to the environment 3. Less time consuming 4. Networking 5. Can reduce costs 6. Pace and convenient 7. Reduces information travel time Disadvantages of virtual communication include: 1. Misunderstandings 2. Lack of face-to-face 3. Technical difficulties 4. Unprofessionalism in communication 5. Lack of computer etiquette 6. Lack of computer skills 7. Lack cohesion in teams 8. Lack of privacy Communication is the foundation of all teams’ functionality. It can travel in various methods and manners.Show MoreRelatedThe Role of Communication in Team Building and in the Creation of Positive Group Dynamics in a Project Environment, and the Implications of This Relationship for Project Performance3697 Words   |  15 Pages‘The role of communication in team building and in the creation of positive group dynamics in a project environment, and the implications of this relationship for project performance’ ‘The role of communication in team building and in the creation of positive group dynamics in a project environment, and the implications of this relationship for project performance’ BRC: ACADEMIC PAPER BRC: ACADEMIC PAPER Abstract: Communication is widely recognised in the literature as being importantRead More Work Environment Paper1015 Words   |  5 Pages Work Environment Paper Good communication skills are imperative for organizations to carry out in an attempt to maintain outstanding performance from employees and management. 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The Giants Best And Worst Wild Card - 779 Words

Ranking the Giants best and worst wild-card matchups 7:00 AM ET Jordan Raanan ESPN Staff Writer Facebook Twitter Facebook Messenger Pinterest Email print comment Playoff opponents are like ice cream flavors. They’re all good, each with its own distinctive strength. The New York Giants have four potential opponents in the wild-card round of the postseason: the Detroit Lions, Green Bay Packers, Atlanta Falcons and Seattle Seahawks. All are dangerous. All are winning teams deserving of their playoff position. Eli Manning will take whatever playoff matchup the Giants get, but he d be wise to root for something other than a visit to Seattle. Al Bello/Getty Images The Giants already have faced two, beating the Lions at MetLife Stadium late in the season and losing to the Packers at Lambeau Field early in the season. That factors into the equation of best and worst matchups for Big Blue in the opening round of the postseason. So should the current form of each team and its health. Locked in as the No. 5 seed, the Giants are going to play the division winner with the worst record in the NFC on the road. That doesn’t necessarily mean they will play the worst division winner or the opponent that gives them the best chance to win. Matchups are everything this time of year. Some stadiums are more hostile environments than others. Seattle falls into that category. Here is how I rank the potential opponents, in terms of which team the Giants should most want to face in their firstShow MoreRelated My Summer Vacation in Florida Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagesexciting to go on a vacation, but you get closer to the people that go with you. Linda, my best friends mom had asked me if I would want to go with their family to Florida. When she asked me I thought she was kidding, but when she said, I need to know because if you are I need to get you a airplane ticket, I knew she was serious. I was so excited I could have kissed her. 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The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Five Free Essays

The sun was way too bright. Bonnie shielded her eyes with one hand and glanced anxiously around as she walked across the quad toward the bookstore. It had taken her a long time to fal asleep after getting back to their room the night before. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Five or any similar topic only for you Order Now What if some crazy person was stalking the campus? It’s broad daylight, she told herself. There are people everywhere. I have nothing to be afraid of. But bad things could happen during the day, too. Girls got lured into cars by horrible men, or hit over the head and taken to dark places. Monsters didn’t just lurk in the night. After al , she knew several vampires who strol ed around during the day al the time. Damon and Stefan didn’t scare her, not anymore, but there were other daytime monsters. I just want to feel safe for once, she thought wistful y. She was coming up on the area the police had been searching the night before, stil blocked off with yel ow tape. Students were standing nearby in groups of two or three, talking in low voices. Bonnie spied a reddish-brown stain across the path that she thought might be blood, and she walked faster as she passed it. There was a rustling in the bushes. Bonnie sped up even more, picturing a wild-eyed attacker hiding in the undergrowth, and glanced around nervously. No one was looking in her direction. Would they help her if she screamed? She risked another look back at the bush – should she just take off running? – and stopped, embarrassed by the furious thumping of her heart. A cute little squirrel hopped hesitantly from under the branches. It sniffed the air, then dashed across the path and up a tree behind the police tape. â€Å"Honestly, Bonnie McCul ough, you’re a moron,† Bonnie muttered to herself. A guy passing her in the other direction overheard her and snickered, making Bonnie blush furiously. By the time she got to the bookstore, she’d gotten her blushing under control. Having the typical redhead’s complexion was a pain – everything she felt was broadcast by the flush or paleness of her skin. With any luck, though, she’d be able to handle a simple trip to buy books without humiliating herself. Bonnie had started getting acquainted with the bookstore when she’d had her shopping spree yesterday, but she hadn’t real y investigated the book side of the store. Today, though, she had the book list for the classes she’d registered for, and she needed to stock up for some serious studying. She’d never been a huge fan of school, but maybe col ege would be different. With a resolute squaring of her shoulders, she turned determinedly away from the shiny stuff and toward the textbooks. The book lists were awful y long, though. She found the fat Intro to Psychology textbook with a sense of satisfaction: this would definitely give her the terminology to diagnose her friends. The freshman English seminar she was assigned to covered a slew of novels, so she wandered through the fiction section, pul ing The Red and the Black, Oliver Twist, and The Age of Innocence off the shelves as she passed. She rounded a corner in search of the rest of the Ws, intent on adding To the Lighthouse to her growing stack of books, and froze. Zander. Beautiful, beautiful Zander was draped graceful y next to a bookshelf, his white-blond head bent over a book. He hadn’t seen her yet, so Bonnie immediately ducked back into the previous aisle. She leaned against the wal , breathing hard. She could feel her cheeks heating up again, that awful tel tale blush. Careful y, she peeked back around the corner. He hadn’t noticed her; he was stil reading intently. He was wearing a gray T-shirt today, and his soft-looking hair curled a bit at the nape of his neck. His face looked sort of sad with those gorgeous blue eyes hidden beneath his long lashes and no sign of that fabulous smile. There were dark shadows under his eyes. Bonnie’s first instinct was to sneak away. She could wait and find the Virginia Woolf book tomorrow; it wasn’t like she was going to read it today. She real y didn’t want Zander to think she was stalking him. It would be better if he saw her somewhere, when she wasn’t paying attention. If he approached her, she’d know he was interested. After al , maybe he wasn’t interested in Bonnie. He’d been kind of flirtatious when he’d run into her, but he’d nearly knocked her down. What if he was just being friendly? What if he didn’t even remember Bonnie? Nope, better to take off this time and wait til she was better prepared. She wasn’t even wearing eyeliner, for heaven’s sake. Making up her mind, Bonnie turned firmly away. But, on the other hand†¦ Bonnie hesitated. There’d been a connection between them, hadn’t there? She’d felt something when her eyes met his. And he’d smiled at her like he was real y seeing her, past the fluff and fluster. And what about the resolution she’d made the day before, walking to her dorm from this very same bookstore? If she was going to become a terrific, confident, stepping-out-of-the-shadows kind of person, she couldn’t run away every time she saw a boy she liked. Bonnie had always admired the way that Elena managed to get what she wanted. Elena just went after it and nothing got in her way. When Stefan had first come to Fel ‘s Church, he hadn’t wanted anything to do with Elena, certainly not to fal into her arms and start some kind of amazing eternal romance. But Elena hadn’t cared. She was going to have Stefan, even if it kil ed her. And, Well, it had kil ed her, hadn’t it? Bonnie shivered. Bonnie shook her head a little. The point was, if you wanted to find love, you couldn’t be afraid of trying, could you? She stuck her chin determinedly into the air. At least she wasn’t blushing anymore. Her cheeks were so cold, she was probably as white as a snowwoman, but she definitely wasn’t blushing. So that was something. Before she could change her mind again, she walked quickly around the corner back into the aisle where Zander stood reading. â€Å"Hi!† she said, her voice squeaking a tiny bit. â€Å"Zander!† He looked up, and that amazing, beautiful smile spread across his face. â€Å"Bonnie!† he said enthusiastical y. â€Å"Hey, I’m real y glad to see you. I was thinking about you earlier.† â€Å"You were?† Bonnie asked, and immediately wanted to kick herself at how overly enthusiastic she sounded. â€Å"Yeah,† he said softly. â€Å"I was.† His sky-blue eyes held hers. â€Å"I was wishing I’d gotten your phone number.† â€Å"You were?† Bonnie asked again, and this time didn’t even worry about how she sounded. â€Å"Sure,† he said. He scuffed his feet against the carpet, like he was a little nervous, and a warmth blossomed inside Bonnie. He was nervous talking to her! â€Å"I was thinking,† Zander went on, â€Å"maybe we could do something sometime. I mean, if you wanted to.† â€Å"Oh,† Bonnie said. â€Å"I mean, yes! I would want to. If you did.† Zander smiled again, and it was as if their little corner of the fiction section was lit up with a glowing light. Bonnie had to keep herself from staggering backward, he was so gorgeous. â€Å"How about this weekend?† Zander asked, and Bonnie, feeling suddenly as light and buoyant as though she could float up into the air, smiled back. Meredith stepped her left foot behind her and raised her right heel, moving into a back stance as she brought her hands up sharply, fists together, in a blocking move. Then she slid her foot sideways into a front stance and punched forward with the fist of her left hand. She loved running through a taekwondo form. Each movement was choreographed, and the only thing to do was to practice over and over until the whole form flowed in a model of precision, grace, and control. Taekwondo forms were perfectible, and Meredith enjoyed perfection. The most glorious thing about them was that once she knew her forms so Wellthat they were as natural as breathing, she could be ready for anything. In a fight, she would be able to sense what her opponent’s next move would be and counter with a block or a kick or a punch without even thinking. She turned swiftly, blocked high with her right hand and low with her left. It was the preparation, Meredith knew. If she was so prepared that her body could sense what move she needed to make without her brain having to get involved, then she would be able to truly protect herself and everyone else around her. A few weeks ago, when she and her friends had been under attack from the phantom and she’d sprained her ankle, only Stefan had been left with Power enough to defend Fel ‘s Church. Stefan, a vampire. Meredith’s lips tightened as she automatical y kicked forward with her right foot, slid into a tiger stance, and blocked with her left hand. She liked Stefan, and she trusted him, she real y did, but stil †¦ She could picture generation upon generation of Sulezes rol ing over in their graves, cursing her, if they knew that she had left herself and her friends so vulnerable, with only a vampire between themselves and danger. Vampires were the enemy. Not Stefan, of course. She knew, despite al her training, that she could put her faith in Stefan. Damon, on the other hand†¦ However useful Damon had been in a couple of battles, however reasonably pleasant and, frankly, out-of-character he had behaved for the last few weeks, Meredith couldn’t bring herself to trust him. But if she trained hard, if she perfected herself as a warrior, Meredith wouldn’t have to. She moved into a right front stance and, sharp and clean, punched forward with her right hand. â€Å"Nice punch,† said a voice behind her. Meredith turned to see a short-haired African American girl leaning against the door of the practice room, watching her. â€Å"Thanks,† said Meredith, surprised. The girl strol ed into the room. â€Å"What are you,† she asked, â€Å"a black belt?† â€Å"Yes,† Meredith said, and couldn’t help adding proudly, â€Å"in taekwondo and karate.† â€Å"Hmm,† the girl said, her eyes sparkling. â€Å"I do taekwondo and aikido myself. My name’s Samantha. I’ve been looking for a sparring partner. Interested?† Despite the casualness of her tone, Samantha was bouncing eagerly on the bal s of her feet, a mischievous smile flickering at the corners of her mouth, and Meredith’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"Sure,† she said, her attitude light. â€Å"Show me what you’ve got.† Samantha’s smile broadened. She kicked off her shoes and stepped onto the practice mat next to Meredith. They faced off, assessing each other. She was a head shorter than Meredith, thin, but wiry and sleekly muscled, and she moved as graceful y as a cat. The anticipation in the girl’s eyes betrayed Samantha’s belief that Meredith would be easy to beat. She was thinking that Meredith was one of those trainees who was al form and technique with no real fighting instinct. Meredith knew that kind of fighter Well, had met them often enough in competitions. If that was what Samantha thought of Meredith, she was in for a surprise. â€Å"Ready?† Samantha asked. At Meredith’s nod, she immediately launched a punch while bringing the opposite-side foot around in an attempt to sweep Meredith off her feet. Meredith reacted instinctively, blocking the blow, dodging the foot, then sweeping a kick of her own, which Samantha avoided, grinning with simple pleasure. They exchanged a few more blows and kicks, and, against her wil , Meredith was impressed. This girl was fast, faster than most of the fighters Meredith had faced before, even at the black-belt level, and much stronger than she looked. She was too cocky, though, an aggressive fighter instead of a defensive one; the way she’d hurried to strike the first blow showed that. Meredith could use that cockiness against her. Samantha shifted her weight, and Meredith slid in below her defenses, giving a fast spin heel kick that hit Samantha firmly on the upper thigh. She staggered a bit, and Meredith moved out of range quickly. Samantha’s face changed immediately. She was getting angry now, Meredith could tel , and that, too, was a weakness. She was frowning, her lips tight, while Meredith kept her own face purposeful y blank. Samantha’s fists and feet were moving quickly, but she lost some accuracy as she sped up. Meredith pretended to fal back under the assault, feinting to keep her opponent off-balance, al owing herself to be backed toward a corner while stil blocking Samantha’s blows. When she was almost cornered, she jammed her arm against Samantha’s fist, stopping her before she could ful y extend her blow, and swept a foot under hers. Samantha tripped, caught by Meredith’s low kick, and fel heavily to the mat. She lay there and just stared up at Meredith for a moment, face stunned, while Meredith hovered over her, suddenly uncertain. Had she hurt Samantha? Was the girl going to be angry and storm off? Then Samantha’s face blossomed into a wide, glowing smile. â€Å"That was awesome!† she said. â€Å"Can you show me that move?† How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Five, Essay examples

Manage Operational Plan Most Efficient Retail Store

Question: Describe about the Manage Operational Plan for Most Efficient Retail Store. Answer: Operational Plan Business Goal The office assistant is one of the most efficient retail store in Australia , with around 25 stores across the country under its brand name. The company deals with office supplies, ink ad toner needs, electrical equipment and office furniture, and all the other equipments for office needs. Along with the products, the retail store provides various services such as photocopying, printing, equipment hire, packaging and posting services. The company operates in a competitive environment, which leads it to form a prime goal of growing the product sales and grow the services aligned with the business, within a year. The company aims at formulating efficient operational strategies that would help in achieving the goal of the firm easily. Objectives The office assistant deals in a competitive environment, where one of its basic objectives is to set their brand name on the top of the list among the other retailers in their field. In order to fulfil its desire to do so, the basic objective of the company is to raise the sales of their products and services, thereby increasing revenue. The company should acquire mergers and alliances with various stationery and printing brands, that would help the company to acquire customers and employ cost efficient methods of product the goods. This would reduce the cost and raise the revenue thereby creating a greater profit margin and an effective market share. By implementing an effective operational strategy framework, the company would be quite efficient in achieving its objectives. Strategy The operational strategy in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the company should be as follows : Conduct a survey on the products , services add prices of the leading office equipments retail stores in the country. Introduce the concept of graphic design services as one of the newest features as the service being offered by the company. Employ efficient professionals who are good at graphic designing, good salesperson, Acquire important instruments such as delivery van, printer, photocopier, which would help the company to take up more orders. With new inclusion of service, implementations must be done to increase the area of the stores in some of the most important business areas of the country, thereby creating special sections for each and every products being sold. An efficient management system must be organizes that should look after the cost effective methods, employ competitive pricing strategies on the goods and services sold in order to raise market share and manage the functioning of the company. Key Actions In order to operate the above mentioned operational strategies, the company must perform a step by step approach, defining each and every characteristics of their future actions that are to be integrated. These key actions could be explained s follows : Deliverables - the deliverables that would be provided by the office assistant on being efficient in practising the operational strategies are various office equipments, office supplies, ink ad toner needs, electrical equipment and office furniture, and all the other equipments for office needs. Along with the products, the retail store aims to provide various services such as photocopying, printing, equipment hire, packaging and posting services and a new service of graphic designing. Timeline in order to sustain the operational plan, a planned timeline is necessary which provides the employees of the company with a pathway to work accordingly. the timeline for the office assistant in order to achieve their objectives of raising the sales and market share by 30th June, 201x is as follows : Gantt Chart (Week) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vision and Undertaking Objectives Situational Analysis Scope analysis Identifying Client and Value Proposals Market Segmentation Buyers Behavior Operational Plan Recruiting new employees and acquisitions Exceeding sales Analysing balance sheet Determining break even point Table: Gantt Chart (Weeks) Source: (Created by Author) Budget The office assistant must form a budget of $50,000, in order to plan for the expansion, recruitment and buying new equipments. The Office Assistant will have to maintain a growth rate of 3% in the initial 6 months of the plan of expansion of sales. The debts for the previous issues needs to be termed with the debt of the company, which is 781,261 and funding, provided through $50,000. However, the company is in a need to acquire alliances with some other brands in order to initiate a cost effective measure of production. In order to hire new employees, professional fees and occupancy costs in the prospective of meeting the cash requirement of cash, needs a part of the budget to be spent for the recruitment section. Break-Even Analysis Projected Sales 50000 variable expenses as a % of sales 15200 Fixed Expenses 78000 Contribution Margin 22000 Sales per week 1.447368421 Breakeven Point in sales 2895 2000.181818 (Break Even Point in Sales) Key Performance Indicators In order to analyse the key performance indicators of a company, and to analyse whether the company is performing up to the planned level, one of the most efficient ways to understand the performance is to use the SMART KPI technique (Lusch, Serpkenci and Orvis 2015). Specific : the performance of the company is focussed on the target of raising their sales of products and services, thereby raising the market share of the company. Measurable : the calculation for new sales must be easily performed with the help of some high professionals that are newly appointed in the company. Attainable: attainment of sales is quite easy, as the office assistant is already a well known company with a large retail chain of stores all over australia. Achieving the target and measuring the sales would not be a hurdle for a company like this. Realistic : with the view to recruit people, thereby introducing graphic designing , recruiting more personals, organizing each store of the company all over australia, would amend the prime steps of initiating the raise in sales for the company. Thereby the aim of maximising market share and revenue is quite realistic in nature. Timely : depending upon the gantt chart, provided above, it could be seen that the plans and implementations of the policies have been done as a 15 weeks schedule, whereas, the processing period of the company is of 20 weeks approximately. Therefore, the objective of the company is quite realistic in nature. Contingency plans In order to follow the operational strategies initiated in this section for the office assistant, the company has some risk mitigant associated with the plans as follows : New employees : with the recruitment of new employees, there might be a risk associated with the performance of the employees. Therefore, in order to recruit efficient people, a thorough check must be done on the background of the employee. Competitive price : in order to raise the sales of the company, the office assistant needs to price its products and services that are lower than its competitors. Hence, in order to generate such a price, care must be taken that the price must nit be lower than the cost of production as that would result to loss of for the company. Graphic designing : graphic designing would be a new addition to the services along with the other services provided by the company. It may or may not be successful in attracting the attention of the customers. Initiative must be taken by the organization, to advertise and let people know regarding their new segment of service, that would help in attracting the customers. Outcome With the operational strategies and plans assigned, the office assistant efficiently raises the sales of its products and services , thereby generating high revenue for the company and maximising its market share. The company must be successful in achieving its target within six months of the year 201x. Approvals Approvals must be attained by the office assistant from government offices, in order to increase their store space area. License must be advance in order to implement the plans for introducing graphic designing as an important service provided by the company. Recruitment Strategy: According to the operational strategy, as framed in task 1, the basic objective of the company is to raise the sales of the company thereby enhancing the market share. The office assistant needs an efficient group of employees that would help the company to reach their target. In order to attain the competent and well organized group of employees, a recruitment strategy must be framed by the company that identifies the human resource requirements along with formulating various strategies in accordance with the training, source and assessing the employed people. Identification of The Human Resource Requirements Number of resources required - with the objective to raise the sales of the company, the office assistant need to assign sales person who would look after the sales of the products and services at the retail stores. with the introduction of a new segment of graphic designing, the company must appoint professional graphic designers. in order to accomplish the above mentioned strategical plans, the company needs to appoint 10 employees, which consists of 4 retail assistant, 2 account managers and 4 graphic designers. Full time or part time the employees would be hired in order to help in maximising the sales of products and services of the company. to achieve the outstanding results all the employees would be working fir full time hours. Permanent or casual the employees would be permanent in nature, as this attribute would instigate the thought of commitment within them and their eagerness to do their work efficiently. Required start date the date from which the company needs to initiate the employee training should be 1st February , 201x. this would provide the company and its employees ample of opportunities to implement the operational strategies, thereby achieving their target progress by 30th June, 201x. Expected length of employment the expected length of employment for all the employees would be on going. Skills required to perform the people who are supposed be recruited as per sales personal, they must have the skills of implementing good customer service, have complete knowledge about the office products and services and communicative in nature. This would help them gave new customers by being a good host to them and assist them in the retail stores. In order to attain good account managers to record the sales revenue and profit calculation of the company, the account managers must have the skills of being fluent in numeracy. With the inclusion of graphic designing, the company must hire people who are experts graphic designers. Training the training program for each employee should be of minimum three weeks, that would help them groom their skills and provide them with the organized methods of accessing the customers. Qualifications the qualifications required for the graphic designers should be that they are well equipped in the skill of designing. Pay levels the retail assistant would receive $14 to $20 per hour depending upon their experience with work, along with 25% loading for casual employees. The accountant would receive $20 to $22 per hour depending upon their fluency with work, along with 25% loading for casual employees. Graphic designer the accountant would receive $22 to $25 per hour depending upon their experience , along with 25% loading for casual employees. Documented Strategy Sourcing students Depending upon the process of recruiting employees in the office assistant, the company has to apply an organized strategy for sourcing the students or employees for the company. The strategies could be as follows : Generating an advertisement for the vacancy of the three job roles to be offered by the company, retail assistant, account manager and graphic designer, along with the perfect job description. The news for recruitment must be advertised through social media, newspaper and magazines, that would help in attracting the attention of the job seekers. Assessing students The recruitment procedure would consist of three steps. In the first step resume from the applicants would be accepted and analysed, which would later be shortlisted within one week. The shortlisted candidates would be organized whether they are internal or external students. The unsuccessful students must be informed regarding their failure , that would help them to overcome their weaknesses in future. The shortlisted candidates would be called for interviews either in the support office or in the stores. The interview would be done on the basis of behavioural attribute and on the basis of skills. The last step for assessing the students would be the testing phase, where the students are supposed to go through an aptitude test conducted by the company. The retail assistant must give the retail aptitude test where a minimum score of 80% must be attained by the employee, and the accountant and graphic designer must give the psychometric test , where they must score 90%. Inducting and Training Students The training program for every employee would be for 7 days , which would include the following aspects : Days Aspects Day 1 Introduction to the office assistant specifying job roles and induction program Day 2 Understanding Requirement, Structure of the job profile. Day 3 basic performance of the initial level job responsibilities. Day 4 testing the ability of the employees, depending upon their skills. Day 5 practically employing the skills of the worker at on field jobs. Day 6 practical test fun activity Day 7 calculation and estimation of every employee probation period knowledge (Training Plan) Analysis of Physical Resources and Acquisition Methods The company, the office assistant has prime ten resources, namely, office computer, office desk and chair, office stationery, registers, delivery van, store colour photocopiers, store colour printers, staff room fridge, staff room table and ten chairs, and store stock. This section helps in analysing these physical resources and acquisition methods of these resources. With the help of the table, these resources have been explained as the current method of acquisition, recommendations, comments on the change method of acquisitions and stakeholders comment. Resource Current Method Of Acquisition Recommendations For The Method Of Acquisition Comment On The Change Stake Holders Comment Office computer Purchase No recommendation needed No change is required for the methods of acquisition as office computers are better purchased. The company officials have agreed to the old acquiring method. Office desk and chair Purchase No recommendation needed No change is required for the methods of acquisition as office desk and chairs are better purchased. The company officials have agreed to the old acquiring method. Office stationery Purchase No recommendation needed No change is required for the methods of acquisition as office stationery are better purchased. The company officials have agreed to the old acquiring method. Registers Finance lease The company can rent the registers . The registers would be used to analyse the growth in sales of the company, hence purchasing the register in place acquiring them by lease is quite appropriate. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. Delivery van Finance lease The company should purchase delivery vans in order to enhance their products delivery. Delivery van would help in enhancing the function of the company, hence investing in purchasing such assets are advisable. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. Store colour photocopiers *5 Operating lease The store must be renovated and each section of the store must be organized in order to create a clear atmosphere for the customers. Innovation in organizing different sections in each store, along with new section of graphic designing must be put into focus. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. Store colour printers *5 Operating lease The company must purchase the printers, in order to expand their resources for flourishing business. One of the basic objectives of the company is to buy printers and photocopiers in order to enhance their service. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. Staff room fridge Rent No recommendations needed. Staff room fridge does not need any other kind of acquisition. The company officials have agreed to the old method of acquiring the source. Staff room table and ten chairs Rent Purchase of office furniture could be done rather than rent. Purchasing office furniture is a better option as that would raise the office assets rather than keeping it on rent. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. Store stock Rent The store stock must be taken on financial lease, as that would help in acquiring the space. Gaining a larger surface area must be considered by the stores, thereby facilitating greater scope of retail shopping for more customers. Thence, the store stock must be acquired on financial lease. The company officials have agreed to the new form of acquiring the source. (Table : organizational physical resource analysis) Monitor and Review of Operational Plans Brief description of operational plan Overview of plan - The operational strategy in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the company should be as follows : Conduct a survey on the products, services add prices of the leading office equipments retail stores in the country. Introduce the concept of graphic design services as one of the newest features as the service being offered by the company. Employ efficient professionals who are good at graphic designing, good salesperson, Acquire important instruments such as delivery van, printer, photocopier, which would help the company to take up more orders. With new inclusion of service, implementations must be done to increase the area of the stores in some of the most important business areas of the country, thereby creating special sections for each and every products being sold. An efficient management system must be organizes that should look after the cost effective methods, employ competitive pricing strategies on the goods and services sold in order to raise market share and manage the functioning of the company. Description of the type of plan - The office assistant is one of the most efficient retail store in Australia , with around 25 stores across the country under its brand name. The company deals with office supplies, ink ad toner needs, electrical equipment and office furniture, and all the other equipments for office needs. Along with the products, the retail store provides various services such as photocopying, printing, equipment hire, packaging and posting services. The company operates in a competitive environment, which leads it to form a prime goal of growing the product sales and grow the services aligned with the business, within a year. Objectives - The office assistant deals in a competitive environment, where one of its basic objectives is to set their brand name on the top of the list among the other retailers in their field. In order to fulfil its desire to do so, the basic objective of the company is to raise the sales of their products and services, thereby increasing revenue. The company should acquire mergers and alliances with various stationery and printing brands, that would help the company to acquire customers and employ cost efficient methods of product the goods. This would reduce the cost and raise the revenue thereby creating a greater profit margin and an effective market share. By implementing an effective operational strategy framework, the company would be quite efficient in achieving its objectives. KPI- the key performance indicators for the office assistant company is the sales growth and the rate at which the sales increase. Both the performance indicator directly analyses the growth of the company towards achieving its objectives. Sales growth analyses the at which the company generates and the increment in the sales analyses how much successful the company is in attracting customers thereby raising revenue and market share. Consultation strategy According to Fernie and Sparks (2014), the consultation strategy is analysed by every company, in order to get the responses regarding their products and services from the important stakeholders. The most important consultant of the office assistant, are their customers. The company must approach the customer of the office assistant regarding the feedback on the products and services . They would provide the company with the best recommendations and would also help them in knowing the basic needs of the customers. Analysing their consult, would help the company to grow in the correct direction. There must be an expert panel inside the team with a board off directors, that would help in portraying a clear view bout the scenario of the company. Based on the reactions, perceptions, survey and expert panels, the company must evaluate the consultations and propose the further steps for the growth of the company. Report template Report Yes/no Is the plan on track ? Yes Is the plan spending to date within budget ? Yes Are the milestone activities being completed as per the plan detail ? Yes Are the KPI on track to being achieved ? Yes Are the resources being utilize effectively economically and safely ? Yes ( Report to analyse the operational strategies) Strategic and operational planning toolkit After formulating the operational plans, it is quite necessary for the company to monitor the steps taken by the company to implement such strategies. There would be various hurdles where a company would not find it feasible to undertake the strategies. Hence, it is quite necessary for the monitor team, or the management team to keep a check on the performance report of the company. This would help in understanding those indicators which help in enhancing the growth of the company and also some negative externalities and internals of the company that raise the friction in the implementations of the plans. Below, is a table, in a report format, that would help in analysing the performance report for the company. It would help in identifying the non performance areas, thereby providing a scope to overcome the problems within the company. Statement Yes (0) Somewhat (1) No (2) Score We are incorporated. We have a constitution guiding our organisation. Our board/committee meets regularly and follows a set agenda. We have current position descriptions for all board/committee positions, paid positions and key volunteer roles. We have qualified administrators, qualified coaches and qualified volunteers. We produce an annual report and audited financial statements. We have effective financial controls and reporting structures We have policies that guide our decision making, such as inclusion, communications, member protection and grievance. We hold appropriate insurance cover for our activities and facilities We have, and adhere to, occupational health and safety procedures in regards to facilities and equipment to meet legal requirements. We adhere to all laws and regulations that apply to: employment of personnel operation of stores fundraising selling of merchandise, products or services operation and maintenance of facilities. We have an organisational structure that all members and stakeholders are aware of. We maintain accurate membership records. We are affiliated with the relevant regional organisation. Our board/committee and the membership body is committed to the planning process. Does your organisation have the capacity to implement a strategic and operational plan, including delivering on actions, monitoring progress and reviewing the plan on a regular basis? (Report template for performance and non performance indicators) With the help of this report template, a company can use this report to analyse the indicators and performance of the company. The scores can be summed together, that would provide the company with an idea of how the plans are being implemented. The operational strategy must be carried out effectively, so that the laid aims and objectives of the organizations are met. With the help of this report, it would be easier for the official in charge of the company to analyse the current structure and position of the company. Reference Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Lusch, R.F., Serpkenci, R.R. and Orvis, B.T., 2015. Determinants of retail store performance: a partial examination of selected elements of retailer conduct. InProceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress(pp. 495-504). Springer International Publishing.

Forecasting Essays - Time Series Analysis, Exponential Smoothing

Forecasting In my assignment I will forecast the third and the fourth quarter revenues of Consolidated Edison Company for the year 1996. The companys main fields are electricity, gas and steam supplying. In the case of every company it is important to forecast the future revenues to be able to calculate the companys expected profits. That is the situation in this case as well, so I must do my job as perfect as I can. I got the past eleven years data, from which I can analyse the whole situation and which I can use to predict for the future. To make the forecast more accurate I can use the actual quarterly revenues. Quarterly revenues for Consolidated Edison Company ($ million), 1985-1995 Year March 31. June 30. September 30. December 31. 1985 1441 1209 1526 1321 1986 1414 1187 1411 1185 1987 1284 1125 1493 1192 1988 1327 1102 1469 1213 1989 1387 1218 1575 1371 1990 1494 1263 1613 1369 1991 1479 1330 1720 1344 1992 1456 1280 1717 1480 1993 1586 1396 1800 1483 1994 1697 1392 1822 1461 1995 1669 1460 1880 1528 1996 1867 1540 Source:The Value Line Investment Survey (New York: Value Line, 1990, 1993, 1996) p.170. There are several different methods, which can be used by forecasters. For this case I will test the na?ve, the moving averages, the exponential smoothing, the double moving averages, the deseasonalisation, the linear regression and the exponential regression models. After having conducted the procedures, the forecasters task is to evaluate the models. This is not an easy task because there are a lot of measures, based on which the person has to decide. The measure coefficients test the difference between the observed and the forecasted values, which then used for comparison. These measures are as follows: MSE: This is the mean squared error, which sum and square all of the errors and take their average. MAD: This is the mean absolute deviation, which sum the absolute errors and take their averages. MAPE: This is the mean average percentage error, which shows the difference in percentages. As I mentioned, all of these measures test the errors, and when the values of measures are the smallest in a method, that method seems to be the most accurate one. Now, I will conduct the different methods one by one. The first technique is the naive approach. The essence of this approach is that it uses the value of the current period as the forecast for the next period. This model is rarely the best one because it does not take the seasonality and the economic changes into consideration.(Table I) The next method I have conducted is the moving averages. This technique uses several past time periods as the forecast for the next period. I averaged three and four quarters to get the possible best one, but it has turned up that the three quarter one has overestimated, while the four quarter one has underestimated the values a bit. From the graph we can see that the four quarter moving average method does not take the seasonality into consideration, therefor it calculates only average values.(Table 2) After the moving averages procedure I conducted the exponential smoothing method, which uses a weighted average of past time series values to get a smoothed forecast. This model decreases the effects of past data and this way creates more accurate forecasts for the future. I used three different weights; the value of 0.2 and the 0.4 and the 0.8. Among them the model weighted by 0.2 was the most accurate one.(Table 3) The double moving average model is an improved variation of the moving averages models. Although a better result was hoped from this technique I must say that the result was worse than the previous ones. It is seen in the graph that this method is continually overestimating. It can be related to the wrong model building. It would be interesting to test the four quarter one as well.(Table 4) It is said that usually the best procedure is the deseasonalisation technique, because this method splits the components of the time series up into parts and analysed separately. After, the components are rebuilt and the forecast is made.(Table 5) The regression models (linear and exponential) use the built in regression of Excel to forecast the values. The different types are needed because the values of data may be

How to Finish Writing a Book 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft

How to Finish Writing a Book 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft How to Finish Writing a Book: 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft Do you struggle with actually finishing a full draft of your manuscript? Do you actually know how to finish writing a book?Trust me, it can be a lot harder than you think and Ill explain why belowIf youre someone who hops projects when you get bored or stuck, we have the solution to your common problem- and it might be different than you think. Here are our top tips to help you finish writing a book:Outline your bookSchedule writing timeBudget save for publicationBe realistic with your goalsGet accountability partnersMake finishing your book a part of your lifePower through to finish your bookAvoid burnoutWhy Many Aspiring Authors Dont Finish Writing a BookI think weve all been there beforeWe have fantastic story ideas or even writing prompts, are so motivated to sit down and write a book, but we end up hitting the midway point andstopping.So many writers out there fall short when actually finishing their books.Sure, you might be able to write a poem and finish that, or even complet e writing a short story or twobut manuscripts are different.But why?Theyre longer and take a lot more time and discipline to finish.Most writers are going through the process of writing and publishing a book blind. And without the right process (or help) in place, its easy to fall off the rails and end up with only half a manuscript shoved in a desk drawer somewhere collecting dust.Most writers fail to finish writing a book because they dont have a process to keep them accountable in order to finish.But thats where we come in.NOTE: If youre ready to actually FINISH your book, tune in to our FREE training to get it done. Dont let that amazing idea sit dormant for years and years, only to feel regret 5 years down the line. Get it done by starting TODAY.How many authors do you know who sit around and say, I wish I would have waited to start? Learn more about it hereHow to Finish Writing a BookObviously youre ready to commit- to take the leap and actually finish your book. Maybe youve s truggled for a few months or maybe youve been trying to finish your book for years. Either way, weve got the best tips to actually complete your manuscript.#1 OutlineThe best way to finish a project (and finish it quickly!) is to have a plan. A book’s plan is your outline. Now, not everyone is on board with book outlines. There are â€Å"plotters,† there are â€Å"pantsers,† and there are the in-betweeners (which we affectionately call â€Å"plotsers†).However, even writers who finish books regularly and claim they are vehemently against outlines are usually outlining.Whats the difference between pantsers and plotters?â€Å"Pantsers† tend to call their first draft something like a discovery draft, or draft zero, or, as Nora Roberts calls it, the piece of shit draft.Even though they say they don’t outline, this first draft is a type of outline. Even though Stephen King says, â€Å"Outlines are the last resource of bad fiction writers,† we know what he really means is, â€Å"My first draft is actually a type of outline, and that’s the method I’ve found that works for me, personally.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Prose is architecture. It’s not interior design.† Ernest HemingwaySome people love every single detail planned before they begin writing, while others think outlines make their stories too formulaic. The good news is, there’s a type of outline for everyone! If there isn’t one already penned in existence, you can make. one. up. 😠®There are so many different kinds of outlines:Extremely detailed outlines with a sentence for every action in each sceneBasic bullet points of the ideas you want to cover, or â€Å"first draft† outlines where you plan your book by writing a version of itDraft zero, a pansted first draft, is one you can finish in roughly the same amount of time it takes you to plan and outline your bookYou don’t have to follow certain outline rules or g uidelinesyour outline is a tool for you and the way you work. So find a system that works best and utilize it!Pro Outlining Tip: If you’re more of a â€Å"pantser,† use what I call a â€Å"liquid outline.† Let it be flexible as your project progresses. For example, start with a bullet point outline of what you expect to happen, then as you write each chapter, go back and revise your outline when things change. This will keep you on track and organized, but it will also allow you the freedom and on-the-spot creativity of â€Å"pantsing† your book.#2 Schedule your writing timeA great way to stay productive is to set a writing schedule in order to develop a writing habit.Here are a few questions to ask yourself in order to finish writing your book:Which days and times will you write?How long will you write in each session?Will you hit a time limit each day, or do you want to reach a certain word count?Further than scheduling your writing, you can schedule t he entire publication process to keep your book on track through production and into marketing! Having a timeline for drafting, editing, beta rounds, cover, and interior design, book release, marketing, etc., will help you work more efficiently and coordinate the steps that require other people.For example, many cover designers require you to book months, or even years, in advance! Scheduling and planning will help you stay ahead of possible roadblocks.#3 Budget and saveSelf-publishing might be more expensive than you think it will be! If you haven’t done it yet, take some time to research possible costs of publishing a book.For example, do you want a cover designer? A professional editor? Special marketing? Determine out how much it will cost and how long you have to save, then set up a savings plan to be sure you can cover these costs.Heres a breakdown of potential costs you have to consider when writing your book:If you have no idea how to set up a savings plan, Jenna Mor eci has a great video on budgeting and savings basics!If you don’t take the time to budget for book production and save ahead of time, you may happen upon a charge you weren’t expecting and aren’t prepared to pay. Then your options are to halt production to save for it, go without, or take a loan.Saving ahead of time is much better than all three of those options, so do your research!If you want more information on the publishing expenses you can expect, check out the video below- and the biggest cost might be the most surprising. #4 Be realisticIn scheduling, budgeting, and saving, be realistic about your goals and timelines.If you convince yourself you have four hours of writing time each day to finish a draft in a month, but you have a full-time job and three kids? That’s probably not a realistic goal. Maybe you can only write for twenty minutes a day. Maybe you can only write on weekends. Maybe writing a few paragraphs during lunch breaks is your onl y option for now.Be honest, be logical, and set goals you have a chance of achieving. While you can always find ways to write faster in order to make the most of that writing time, you still have to set reasonable goals.Nothing is more demoralizing than never reaching your goals.#5 Consider finding a team to hold yourself accountableI have a critique group with two other writers who are also writing fantasy novels. Every Sunday, we exchange the chapter we wrote that week, as well as the other two writer’s chapters from the previous week with our critique comments.When utilizing a critique partner or group, I recommend the following:Find people with similar WIPsSet up a schedule for swapping chapters, stories, poems, scripts, etc.Keep open lines of communication!Having other people expect your routine updates, as well as having other people to discuss issues and setbacks, will help to keep you on track with a writing schedule.At Self-Publishing School, theres actually a Maste rmind Community each student gets to be a part of where accountability partners run rampant. All these writers are looking for others to help them finish writing their books.#6 Make your WIP a part of your lifeLet your book take up a lot of real estate in your mind, your home, and your daily life.As you grow your writing platform and market your book, talk about your work in progress. Tell your friends and family about it.The more people who know youre writing a book, the more theyll ask you about it.This hold you accountable to actually finish writing your book.You can even make a Youtube channel, like mine, in order to have more people familiar with you writing a book. (This is also a great strategy to market yourself as a writer)If you make a physical outline or a moodboard, hang it by your desk where you can see it. Set your main character’s profile sketch as your phone background.Make it where you can’t skip a writing day without thinking about it.This will keep your mind working toward solutions for your project every day.#7 Power through!Don’t let yourself get hung up on edits before your draft is finished. Don’t overthink itjust focus on getting through your first draft.Of course it won’t be perfect!But, like Nora Roberts said, â€Å"you can fix anything but a blank page.†You can’t edit nothing! Don’t slow down, keep your momentum, and pound out that first draft!The hardest part of writing a book is finishing the first draft. After that, its all downhill so just get it done!#8 Avoid burnoutWriting burnout is when you feel like your work is trash. You think you have nothing important to say. Maybe you think no one cares about what you’re writing or maybe youve fallen into a pit of writers block. Don’t fall into this hole!Your first instinct when confronted with writing burnout is usually to stop writing. Never stop writing. Maybe this WIP is sucking your joy, but realize that it is n’t you, and it isn’t your writingit’s the project.Try swapping to something a little easier, like a short story or a poem, but set a time to return to your book. Don’t let so much time slip away that you get too far away to return. Remind yourself of the reason to write a book in the first place.Ask yourself these questions if youre feeling writer burnout:Where does your inspiration come from?Who are you writing for?Why is it important to you?Write down your motivation and hang it somewhere you can see itDon’t let yourself get burned out before you can finish your project. Take a breather, but make a promise to yourself that you’ll get back to work and set a specific time to do so.Moral of the story: plan ahead and DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE FINISHED!Are you ready to start- and finally finish- your book? Turn in to our free training to help you go from blank page to published author in as little as 90 days.Yes, how long it takes to write a book can be as little as three months with our methods!

Complexity theory in public management Research Paper

Complexity theory in public management - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, complexity theory has little been used in public management. In other social sciences, for example economics, evolutionary approach has widely been used instead of complexity theory. The question on whether complexity theory can increase our understanding of the phenomena of public management is intriguing. Weber (2008) says that the public sector has largely been ignored because of its stale and impractical ideas which are only based on the understanding of its existence. Public management has in the recent past crumbled and therefore, its time to replace its proliferation of frameworks, theories and concepts (Weber, 2008). Because of complexities in public management theories, public management has split into many sub-strands, like sociologists, political scientists, economists, and management theorists, who are developing alternative theories that try to explain management in the public sector. Complexity theory and problem resolution Complexity theory helps to addr ess problems of decision making and service delivery in public management. ... Complexity theory has all potentials of addressing the challenges in public policy and management that practitioners face. They are also important in weaving many theoretical strands in management of public sectors into a seamless whole. Early works that have tried to connect public management with complexity theory related concepts wasted by great scholars like Douglas Kiel and Sam Overman among others (Weber, 2008). Public management policy has recognized limitations that they are prune to due to the complexity and diversity of human nature. Decision making is characterized by both practical and theoretical limitations due to rational; thinking and comprehensive protocols. Complexity theory provides the groundwork within which alternative ways of understanding these rationalist protocols and logistics can be recognized. According to Weber, complexity theories may be the only solution that will help increase theory’s coherence and re-invigoration of the discipline across many perspectives that bear these problems in public management. Complex adaptive system is particularly suggested as an essential way of understanding systems that provide an intellectual framework where fresh understanding of the systems of public management can be observed and sought. The multiplicity, non linear interactions and intensity of complexity theory seems to agree with complex adaptive theory. Though their outcomes are rarely fully predictable, they may not serve their purpose well in public management. Emergent order and self- organization concepts seem like characterizations that are reasonable. Effects of complexity theory on management practices in current systems Complexity theory gives the public sector a big room for improving the understanding of public management and

The Progressive Era and the Great Depression in the US Essay

The Progressive Era and the Great Depression in the US - Essay Example Aside from this, the automobile industry was also strengthened, and flights were also fueled. Currently, the Oil and Gas Extraction subsector in the United States has been employing citizens by exploring new sources of natural gas and petroleum and other industrial activities (Jaycox, 2005; United States Department of Labor, 2013). Women and the Right to Suffrage In August 18, 1920, the congress ratified the 19th amendment which allowed the women the right to suffrage. This was considered as a milestone that required a long line of write-ups, lectures, marches, and lobbying by the supporter of the women's suffrage. However, not all women in the country earned the right to vote simultaneously. The women in the Western states first earned the right to suffrage because they were treated similarly and with equal rights with men, which is why the amendment was openly accepted and enacted. Nonetheless, the eastern states had limited independence. Some states arrested women who are smoking or dining alone in a restaurant. The women in southern states were also given lesser independence if a woman works; her wages will be given directly to her husband. These unequal rights in the eastern and southern states which were stated in their laws were the reason why these states did not immediately adopted the amendment on giving equal rights for women to suffrage (Brill, 2010). Economy during the Progressive Era Years During the time of Roosevelt, the passage of the Hepburn Act in 1906 was done in the congress. The act changed many regulations, especially in the business sector. For the railroads, the act tried to eliminate the transportation and hauling of... In August 18, 1920, the congress ratified the 19th amendment which allowed the women the right to suffrage. This was considered as a milestone that required a long line of write-ups, lectures, marches, and lobbying by the supporter of the women's suffrage. However, not all women in the country earned the right to vote simultaneously. The women in the Western states first earned the right to suffrage because they were treated similarly and with equal rights with men, which is why the amendment was openly accepted and enacted. Nonetheless, the eastern states had limited independence. Some states arrested women who are smoking or dining alone in a restaurant. The women in southern states were also given lesser independence if a woman works; her wages will be given directly to her husband. These unequal rights in the eastern and southern states which were stated in their laws were the reason why these states did not immediately adopted the amendment on giving equal rights for women to su ffrage (Brill, 2010).During the time of Roosevelt, the passage of the Hepburn Act in 1906 was done in the congress. The act changed many regulations, especially in the business sector. For the railroads, the act tried to eliminate the transportation and hauling of products. Aside from this, the Act also lengthened the notice of changes in rates, from 10 days to 30 days. The most valuable part is that the act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to create rates which are just and reasonable.

The influence of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie, John D Research Paper

The influence of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan on modern history, Economy, and American lifestyle - Research Paper Example Until today, the economy and the living standards of people in the country are better than other countries. Andrew Carnegie supported Booker T Washington by giving money to an institute called Tuskegee, which was founded by Washington. American history celebrates the live of Carnegie, which transformed from a person who never owned a dime to a person who lead financial empires of great power. Currently, the individuals in American still remember Carnegie and the way he influenced the lives of Americans and the economy of the country. The kind of corporate that he was dealing with is the steel industry. He started the industry in the year 1865 and when he died, he was a multimillionaire like the other tycoons. Before becoming rich, he was running errands for a telegraph office. After the time of relatively unrestrained capitalism, the tycoon in steel had made great development of a powerful financial system that some individuals enjoyed (Net Industries). The rapid economic development made by the tycoon laid a foundation for the modern economic growth of the United States. Together with other tycoons, many discoveries were made during their era. Still today businesspersons follow their paths by being single minded when pursing financial achievements and power (Net Industries). The tycoon played a great role in the creation of the modern America. Because of him and others like him, he made the country to be the wealthiest and a country with a lot of creativity as far as business is concerned. The man was very determined in raising the economy by making America to be a state that actively participates in the economy. This was not happening before the tycoons’ time (Net Industries). The tycoon actions in the past still affect the American, lifestyle today. As a pioneering philanthropist, he has had major influence of the lives of many individuals. Since he helped in upgrading the financial system of the state, individuals in America have

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay This essay talks about the presence of climate change and its impact on ski industry which is dependent activity on weather conditions. Global warming has been considered as a mega risk and it has a tendency to be permanent and therefore it is extremely complicated to measure its outcomes. As Nicholls (2006) mentioned, climate change is nowadays strongly accepted by many worlds scientists and governments as an issue of tremendous alarm for the people worldwide. This essay considers different models of possible impacts of global warming on different parts of the world. Steyger and Mayers (2008) said that since the 1990s the likely dependence of snow tourism to climate change has received greater alertness in the media. Increasing number of authors focus on this matter as well as on the adaption strategies of ski resorts. This paper demonstrates that global warming is a problem which forced majority of ski resorts all over the world to respond to weather changes in order to survive. Essay talks about options that are available to ski resorts and brings on the discussion of their usage and their effectiveness. Ski resorts all over the world are likely to experience a loss of snow consistency and that is why supervision of ski regions has to be more conscious when it comes to future of snow conditions in their geography area. Global warmings impact on ski industry Models of projected outcomes of global warming Climate as well as the natural environment associated with weather change can likely to impact open-air leisure and tourism. Businesses linked to skiing industry are largely exposed to the projected impacts of global warming because skiing is an activity dependent on climate conditions. Bricknell and McManus (2006) considered that it is one of the first and the most visibly impacted industries by the risk of global warming worldwide. Folland et al (2001) as mentioned in Moen and Fredman (2007) stated that annual snow cover level in the northern hemisphere has decreased by approximately 10% since 1966 and also that previous decade was wetter and warmer compared to the prior 30-year period in whole Europe. Global warming has already affected and will most probably carry on with affecting physical and natural systems all over the world. As Moen and Fredman (2007) refered to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001), the expected effects of global warming include a proposed boost of globally averaged outside temperature by 1.4 to 5.8Â °C between years 1990 and 2100 which would also possibly lead to sea level rise of 0.88m globally. ZAMG (2007) as cited in Breilings and Charamza (1999) found out that because of global warming the line of usual snowfall steadiness will raise by about 150 m of altitude per 1Â °C of warming. For better picture, low attitude ski resorts are those below 1800-2000 m and thus, the majority of ski resorts in the world. Not to mention Breilings and Charamzas (1999) estimation that a 1Â °C rise in average temperatures with winter drought may reduce the duration of snow cover by 50% at altitudes in range of 1400 1600 m. For example, Moen and Fredman (2007) estimated that no more than 63% of the entire Swiss ski regions will be snow consistent once a temperature raise by 2Â °C, not to mention the impact in the worst case and thus, in increase of temperature by 5.8Â °C, taking to account IPCCs model. If we link these few findi ngs together, we may conclude that in the worst circumstances, the natural snow dependability will rise by 870m of altitude by year 2100 which would mean that ski resorts of altitude about 2000m may end up with as much snow as altitudes in regions about 1000m today. Larsson (2003) concentrated his research on climate change adaption in Canada and the findings are very similar to of those in Europe. He used model of McCarthys (2001) research which estimated that global warming in Arctic land areas may become theatrical by year 2080. Summer temperatures would increase by 4.0-7.5Â °C, winter temperatures by 2.5-14.0Â °C. These numbers are even more. If these predictions are about to be fulfilled, it would lead to melting of permafrost, leading to soils with condensed bearing capacity in ice rich areas and active regions of irregular permafrost. Additionally as he found out, the global warming effects may decrease periods of extreme cold and on other hand increase frequency of extreme heat in North America. Growing sea levels and danger of rainstorm course, and thus danger of coastal flooding, variations in timing, regularity and severity of flooding linked to rainstorms are likely to become a reality. Moen and Fredman (2007) mentioned that according to Mendelsohn and Markowski (1999), global warming would most likely have an effect on outdoor leisure in three ways in the future. These include accessibility of leisure possibilities throughout longer summer seasons and shorter winter seasons. The comfort in general, satisfaction of leisure activities and the quality of the leisure experience. These kind of changes will generate winners as well as losers as diverse sorts of outside recreation activities involve dissimilar climatic conditions. These outcomes are though generalisations that may be applicable at collective level, whilst it would expect large district and neighbouring variations between different tourism activities. All of the above findings are alarming for winter tourism destinations and therefore managements of ski areas have to be very aware of possible impact of climate change on their ski spots as the snow is fundamental aspect of ski tourism. Snow conditions as a key factor Winter tourism is in many ways reliant on natural features such as terrain, elevation or vertical fall. On other hand, even more significant features are weather conditions, and thus temperatures, airstream and snowfall. With decrease in snow cover, whatever the terrain or vertical fall may be, it is almost impossible to develop any ski opportunities. More authors agreed that snow cover is a key variable for consumers to decide where to ski. Suggestions that impacts on global warming on winter tourism can be significant are apparent from research from different parts of the world. For example, Fukushima et al (2002) as expressed in Moen and Fredman (2007) formed the interactions connecting air warmth, rainfall, snow intensity and the amount of skiers at seven different ski resorts in Japan. They found out that the number of skiers decreased by 30% when temperature increased by 3-C. Godfrey (1999) found out that one of the most important aspects influencing destination choices of Engl ish skiers going to Canada is snow conditions. These findings strengthen an argument that snow conditions and snow cover may be regarded as the most important factor for any ski resort. As discussed and illustrated before, the phenomenon of global warming may, and most likely will have a huge impact on snow conditions in mountains and ski areas and thus it will also have significant influence on businesses of new as well as matured ski destinations. Majority of them started to feel impacts of global warming and they are trying to find solutions in order to respond to weather changes so they have better chance to survive and keep their businesses alive. The question is, is all it possible even without not enough natural snowfall? Adaption by ski industry Artificial snow-making Steiger and Mayer (2008) concentrated their research on Austrias and Swisss ski industry and stated that technically created snow is the most used alteration approach for unusually hot winter seasons. Nicholls (2006) who researched climate change and its impact on outdoor tourism in Europe said that key technological alteration to snow absence is the implementation of artificial snow-making facilities. Moen and Fredman (2007) considered that the most general adaptation to snow-deficient winters in Sweden is also artificial snow-making. The practice of snowmaking is increasingly characteristic for the Australian ski industry too (Bricknell and McManus, 2006). Snowmaking may be used not only to influence ski season durations but also to reduce snow changeability throughout the season. This is viewed as an insurance policy for overcoming the unreliability of seasons and dealing with the potential impacts of climate change. Snowmaking could be considered short to medium-term adaptation a pproach, not just for low altitude ski destinations but as well as for financially strong year-round resorts at higher altitudes (Nicholls, 2006). For instance, in Austria almost 60% of the ski areas are covered by artificial snow-making facilities (FSO, 2007 in Steyger and Mayer, 2008). But the distribution of snow-making cannot be related to global warming as trends in tourism, status, and competitive advantage are crucial features. Steiger and Mayer (2008) said that ski resorts are forced to build up snow-making capabilities with cost for their financial strength as warm winters are becoming more common than in the past. However the possible assistance of this machinery to the practicability of winter tourism destinations have yet to be formed by researchers as the significant expenditures are linked with this measure. For instance, approximately 27% of ski resorts in Switzerland have a reduced cash stream already and most do not seem to be viable without help (Seilbahnen Schweiz 2006 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008). Elsasser and Burki (2002) and Scott et al. (2003) as described in Nicholls (2006), stated that snowmaking ameniti es are costly to assemble and preserve, and need significant amounts of water and power to work. For that reason, many of the small and middle range ski resorts would not have enough money for the implementation of such technology. Usage of snow-making technology In preparation for the skiing season of 2006-2007 the Austrias Tyrolean ski industry invested EUR 55 million in snowmaking, with EUR 270 million in overall investments even though, the past winter seasons had brought sufficient snowfall yet at lower elevations (Tiroler Tageszeitung 2006 as illustrated in Steyger and Mayers, 2008). This points out that while the operators observe climate circumstances as regularly too blurred and uncertain, they are well aware of global warming and are searching for adaptation strategies. Also, medium-term investment strategies are not tailored, as there is a lot of confidence in the improvement capacities of snowmaking machinery with a clear perceivable hole between weather change and economic investment phases (Mayer et al 2007 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008). As they mentioned, while the poor winter seasons at the end of the 1980s sparked artificial snowmaking in Tyrol, additional distribution was not related to weather unpredictability and global warm ing scenarios. On other hand, there is tendency to supply even naturally snow consistent ski resorts in high altitude areas higher than 2000m or in even 2500m with snow-making amenities. These elevations may be regarded as naturally snow consistent even in pessimistic global warming scenarios. As they said, snow-making amenities can be also used as promotion instrument to be a magnet for tourists, to build reputation and to maintain prices higher than it would generally be. These resources could perhaps be used in more sustainable way than just unnecessary usage of water wealth and other detriments of snow guns. Snow-making guns are not necessarily used in order just to make ski slopes usable for longer period of time. Main enthusiasm for the unique diffusion of snowmakers are that snowmaking should secure tourist capacity consumption, cable car companies revenues, and images of resorts in which domestic as well as international ski rivalry go on. Furthermore, it ought to guarantee broad environment for teaching and exercising of winter sports. How is global warming related to diffusion of snow-making facilities? Austrias case is different as there are many high-altitude ski resorts but Bricknell and McManus (2006) interviewed CEOs of three different ski resorts in Australia on this issue. CEOs assured that snowmaking technology may help to negate projected climate change impacts. The CEO of one resort suggested that, under global warming, snowmaking conditions may be unaffected or even improved because drier colder nights are good for snow-making which would assist the long term viability of the industry. The CEO of second resort noted that snowmaking is a necessary investment regardless of the potential impacts of climate change due to current consumer demands on the industry. CEO of third resort however, argued that global warming could have significant impact on artificial snow-making as this technology still depends on climate conditions and thus it still would not necessarily overcome the issue. Global warming and artificial snow-making Global warming may influence snowmaking in few ways. Decrease in natural snowfall would require more snowmaking; increase in average temperatures would decrease the length and amount of possibilities and boost the expenses of making snow; and variations in rainfall may distress the water supply for snowmaking (Scott et al., 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007). Analyses in North America have exposed that artificial snowmaking can significantly lessen the pessimistic outcomes of climate change but only if the temperature stays adequately low (Scott, 2006; Scott et al., 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007). Nicholls (2006) stated that artificial snow-making needs certain climatic surroundings, as for example minimum temperatures to be met and hence, this system may in several circumstances be prohibited beside the increase in warmth related to the global warming. The most important thing about snow-making is that snow guns and their usage are limited by weather conditions (Steiger and Mayer, 2008). High-quality snow can be accomplished with snow creation starting below -6Â °C at average humidity. On top of that, snowmaking conditions are prejudiced by warmth and wetness; if the air is wetter, lower temperatures are required. With recent snowmaking tools snow can be produced below -5Â °C. Fliris (1974) weather tables as expressed in Steiger and Mayer (2008) demonstrate a strong connection between -2Â °C daily average temperature and -6Â °C daily lowest temperature (Nicholls, 2006). Days reaching the threshold of -2Â °C daily average temperature are defined as prospective snowmaking days with best snowmaking conditions. Additionally, snowmaking is only considered realistic if it can poise out the loss during snowmelt. Therefore for majority of low-altitude ski resorts this strategy does not patch up the issue of global warming for long term and they have to start to look for other strategic options in order to overcome the problems of peak season shortness and falling visitor numbers as a result of climate change. Moen and Fredman (2007) adopted from Burki et al (2003) some other adaption strategies ski resorts may consider. Apart from snow-making, resorts could concentrate on different activities in order to fulfil consumer requirements and to survive on competitive business market. Slope development and operational practices At active ski areas, slope expansion alterations consist of: slope contouring, landscaping, and the defence of glaciers. Contouring or flatting ski slopes could be grooming slopes in the summer season to eliminate rocks or shrub vegetation, to reduce the snow deepness needed to operate and represent a cost saving approach for snowmaking (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Land contouring can also be used to capture snowmelt and top up snowmaking tanks during the winter. Strategic placing and planting of tree cover can capture moving snow and to some extent gloom ski slopes, which would reduce snowmelt and snowmaking needs. Additionally to the adjustment of already operating skiable environment, the expansion of new skiable terrain in climatically privileged sites is generally cited as an alteration to climate change. The development of north facing slopes, which retain snowpack longer, is one strategy too. As Scott and McBoyle (2007) realised, more authors agreed that expansion of ski areas i nto higher elevations, with generally more reliable snow cover, where a longer ski season is possible, seems to be one of the key climate change adaptation strategies considered by ski area operators in the European Alps. Thirty six ski areas in Austria were awaiting authorisation to develop their operations into higher elevations in 2002- 2003. Wolfsegger et al. () as illustrated in Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that expanding to higher elevations was the third most favourite global warming adaptation choice by Austrian ski area managers, after snowmaking and sharing snowmaking costs with the accommodation industry. Nicholls (2006) also agreed that strategy of development of higher altitude ski resorts is option that tends to be of favour for existing ski resorts. Large ski corporations over smaller, family-owned businesses tend to use this strategy. Although, such improvements would present a host of ecological and safety concerns which the industry would need to deal with in order to uphold the industry in a viable approach. These comprise bigger pressure from new production as well as improved waste creation. Also due to mountain terrain or height this strategy is in many cases impossible. Other option is to cooperate or expand into areas with more reliable snow which may on other hand diversify income structure of resorts. Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that high elevation mountain environments are particularly sensitive to disturbance and opposition from the public and environmental groups may pose a significant constraint on this adaptation strategy in some locations. Marketing incentives and new product developments Bricknell and McManus (2006) suggested that many resorts use strategy of flexible ticket pricing policy and thus reducing ticket prices in order to attract more skiers. Scott and McBoyle (2007) mentioned that ski companies have already begun to experiment with incentives or guarantees to overcome skiers reluctance to book a ski holiday because of uncertain snow conditions. In the winter of 1999-2000, for example, the American Skiing Company promised visitors to its six New England region ski resorts a 25% reduction on their next vacation if the ski area failed to open 70% of their ski runs during the Christmas-New Year holiday period. Warm temperatures that season forced three of the six resorts to pay customers rebates (Keates, 2000 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Another strategy could be to develop non-snow related activities in winter or to become all season destination as more choices could attract more tourists and it could bring other benefits. All year round tourism could be developed by providing climate independent tourism such as conference or educational tourism. Nicholls (2006) mentioned that the building of conference amenities combined with the contribution of a broad variety of outside leisure activities during the seasons may provide resorts with a balanced, constant source of revenue that is less dependent on weather conditions. On other hand, the expansion of such substitutes needs an primary lay out of funds which may go beyond the capabilities of smaller ski businesses. Over the past three decades, many ski areas in North America have diversified their operations beyond traditional ski activities to include the provision of skiing and snowboarding lessons, accommodation and retail sales (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). The Economist (1998) referred to the alteration of major ski resorts in North America from ski areas to winter theme parks, as the Disneyfication of the winter sports industry (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Non-skiers represent an important market at ski resorts. Williams and Dossa (1990) estimated that 20-30% of visitors to ski resorts in Canada did not ski during their visit (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). They also pointed out that in season 1974-75, lift tickets stood for almost 80% of profits for the usual ski area in the US. Nowadays, lift tickets stand for not even than half the profits, as other activities have risen in significance. Therefore to diversify the market and also to decrease the pressure of demand on ski lifts, this strategy see ms to be very supportive for existing ski resorts with capabilities to do so. Many ski resorts have made substantial investments to provide alternate activities for non-skiing visitors. For example snowmobiling, skating, dog sled-rides, indoor pools, health and wellness spas, fitness centres, squash and tennis, games rooms, restaurants, retail stores and many others. Moen and Fredman (2007) agreed, developing alternatives to skiing during winter is well recognised strategy to overcome falling visitor numbers into ski areas; however he pointed out, that it is also problematic as many of these alternatives are reliant on snow conditions or ice-covered lakes and thus dependant on climate conditions. All year round tourism The most promising strategy in order to completely overcome the problems of global warming may be to develop all-year round tourism. Moreover, offset pessimistic financial effects as of global warming, such a strategy would as well have optimistic public effects on conventional winter destinations as seasonal dissimilarity in employment prospects are bridged over. A number of ski resorts have further diversified their business operations to become four season resorts, offering non-winter activities such as golf, boating and white-water rafting, mountain biking, paragliding, horseback riding and other business lines. At many larger resorts, real estate construction and management has also become a very important source of revenue. On other hand, as Bricknell and McManus (2006) stated, the development of summer tourism needs long term preparation in order for them to develop appreciation in this market. The resorts will have to contend with each other and with summer destinations such as coastal locations, which would be in many cases very tough, especially where coastal summer tourism takes place. The expansion of tourism into the summer season in sequence to support or to swap snow tourism may also direct to environmental conflicts. Activities that resorts may want to promote, such as bike riding and horse riding, could unintentionally leak out into regions of preservation where they are forbidden. These kinds of activities are also known to worsen environmental issues, such as erosion and the spread of exotic species. If these forms of tourism increase in popularity, the carrying capacity for these mountain destinations must be re-evaluated to encompass their potential impacts. Role of public sector The public good characteristic of climate change creates complicated challenge for financial and political organizations. The lack of an unchanged weather is not connected to growing prices and is not necessarily measured to the top valued consumers. To maintain well-organized policies, inputs from financial estimations of global warming impacts are essential. Such financially viable measures consist of direct economic impacts to the economy as well as benefits to the contributors. For instance, Scott et al. (2002) as described in Scott and McBoyle (2007) used spending records to present approximation of the possible economic impacts from g oobal warming on skiing in Canada, whilst Richardson and Loomis (2005) calculated the effects of climate on motivation to pay to visit Rocky Mountain National Park. Many authors put some efforts to place an economic value on global warming impacts to tourism and outside leisure. For example, as Scott and McBoyle (2007) said, Meier (1998) approxima ted the cost of global warming for the 4 season tourism in Switzerland at USD 1.1 1.4 billion by the year 2050. Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that better weather forecasting would make available an enhanced foundation for risk assessments and tactical business choices, as well as the timing of seasonal openings or when to begin artificial snowmaking. Negotiations with ski operators in eastern North America propose that the industry does not presently use seasonal forecasts in their operational decision-making and substantive enhancements in forecasting accurateness would be necessary before these products would achieve a level of realistic value for the ski industry. Some ski operators yet think about five to seven days forecasts as too untrustworthy for operational decision-making and applied forecasts from different countries or classified services instead of governmental forecasts (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Announcements to the community through the media could be a further aspect of forecasting that could be improved in some areas. Ski operators occasionally have adversarial interaction wi th a number of neighbouring media for the reason that of what they recognise as inaccurate exposure of weather conditions and forecasts that they disagree cost them business (King, 2005 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Government support to the ski industry has taken place in the variety of discounted energy costs, long-standing leases of communal lands and infrastructure fundings, but the industry has not gained from the kinds of backing programs offered to other climate-sensitive trade sectors such as for example, sponsor harvest insurance for the agriculture sector. In the future, skiing based tourism economic losses consequential from unpleasant climate circumstances may be adequate for government concern and support in some cases. Government participation in the ski industrys prospect could perhaps take a number of forms. Direct involvement could come throughout financial assistance, cover support or marketing proposals. Ultimately, government policies linked to land and water use, and energy and revenue spending could impact skiing operations positively. Government financial assistance for snowmaking was greatly supported by Austrian ski area managers, whilst government assistance for financial losses because of poor winters was only to some extent supported (Wolfsegger et al, 2005 as demonstrated in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Conclusion This essay discussed the problem of global warming and its projected impacts on ski industry all over the world. It demonstrated that climate change is broadly accepted as a mega risk, particularly for businesses dependant on weather conditions. Numerous ski resorts, especially those that are established at lower elevations could face serious problems if climate change forecasts are about to be accurate in the future. Among limited supply of downhill ski resorts, coupled with an existing high demand for the activity, it would possibly lead to yet other remarkable increase in prices and environmental pressures. Ski resorts have several strategy options to consider when it comes to problem of not sufficient snow cover in their geography area. Some tend to use artificial snow-making facilities, some aim to diversify their business portfolio by offering a new products and developments of new tourism attractions. The most promising strategy to overcome global warming problem, as regarded by few authors, was to become an all-year round tourism destination. However, all of these adaption strategies tend to go hand in hand with the issue of sustainability which should be taken more seriously as all developments take place in extremely sensitive environments. The essay demonstrated that adaption strategies are increasingly used already by ski resorts in many parts of the world and that sometimes these are not even related to global warming. The most commonly used adaption strategies are not without ecological and financial costs. Water usage from natural water bodies can lesser water intensities and influence fishing harmfully. Power needs are high as well and inversely linked to warmth, and will thus sustain higher expenditure the warmer the temperatures get. By means of this type of disorder of demand to ski regions with higher altitude, ecological loads upon the nearby environments would be enlarged. This paper only fairly points out issues that come along with new developments and expansions of ski regions and these should be further discussed and analysed.